Extensions of a dualcoding theory of multimedia learning richard e. Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning using. The cognitive theories underlying the generative theory of multimedia learning mayer,2001 name of the theory definition developers of the theory dual coding theory human beings use two different channels to process visual and auditory information. We are guided in our research by a cognitive theory of multimedia learning which draws on dual coding theory, cognitive load theory, and constructivist learning theory. And these images can be kept in place to aid pupils in subsequent tasks. Mayers 25,27 ctml tries to explain the process of learning based on the following three assumptions. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning sorden.
While cognitive load theory is more generalized because it considers the information processing requirements of all instructional materials, mayer s theory specifically focuses on the. According to mayer, separate channels of working memory process auditory and visual information. Several other researchers have proposed dual channel processing along an auditory and visual channel including paivios 1986 dual coding theory and baddeleys 1998 theory of working memory. Although adaptations of dual coding theory exist e. It was designed to work in conjunction with several. Multitouch tablets, ebooks, and an emerging multicoding. This gave rise to dualcoding theory, first proposed by allan paivio and later applied to multimedia learning by richard mayer. Dual coding also has an impact on educational psychology, especially educational research and teacher education 18. We first describe the underlying premises of the theory and then show how the basic dct mechanisms can be used to model diverse educational phenomena.
Dual coding theory, a theory of cognition, was hypothesized by allan paivio of the university of western ontario in 1971. This video was created in order to educate viewers about the basics in dual coding theory and multimedia learning. Research by mayer and anderson 1991 found that when verbal information was presented alongside relevant images, it became much more memorable. However, several studies since that time have tested context availability theory against a dual coding model and found dual coding to be a better explanation for the results of those experiments fiebach and friederici, 2003. Mayer 2005b, prendendo spunto dalla teoria del dualcoding di paivio paivio, 1986. Animation as an aid to multimedia learning springerlink. The dual coding theory states that the brain uses verbal associations and visual imagery to learn material. There are two separate channels auditory and visual for processing information sometimes referred to as dual coding theory. Pdf the dualcoding and multimedia learning theories. Dual coding theory the underlying assumptions of dct concern basic mental structures. Recent advances in graphics technology and information technology have prompted new efforts to understand the potential of multimedia learning as a means of promoting human understanding.
Sims in 2 experiments, high and lowspatial ability students viewed a computergenerated animation and listened simultaneously concurrent group or successively successive group to. Dec 10, 2016 created using powtoon free sign up at create animated videos and animated presentations for free. Dual coding theory has its roots in the practical use of imagery as a memory aid 2500 years ago yates, 1966. These findings where further incorporated to the dual coding theory by allan paivio 6 and later by mayer and his colleagues. Why every teacher should be using dual coding tes news. Although mayer s cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on many theories, mayer s multimedia theory is specifically based on paivios dual coding theory which basically assumes that humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and pictorial information for auditory and visual messages.
Consequently, a learner can use more cognitive processing capacities to study materials that combine auditory verbal information with visual graphical. The memory emphasis evolved into broader applications of imagery aimed at accelerating the acquisition of knowledge. A theoretical perspective on acquiring sight vocabulary and developing meaningful vocabulary is presented. Extensions of a dualcoding theory of multimedia learning. Cognitive theory of multimedia learning chapter 3 the.
Thats where dual coding at its simplest, presenting images alongside text or speech can help. Supporting visual and verbal learning preferences in a. Evidence for dual information processing systems in working memory. Although mayer s cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on many theories, mayer s multimedia theory is specifically based on paivios dual coding theory which basically assumes that humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and.
Mayer and other cognitive researchers who argue that. Mayer bases his cognitive theory of multimedia learning on the following model. According to mayer, separate channels of working memory process auditory and visual information during any lesson. The two rows of the model represent the two informationprocessing channels. Repetition and dual coding in procedural multimedia presentations. A cognitive theory of multimedia learning based on three main assumptions. Dual coding theory has been applied to many cognitive phenomena including. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is based on three cognitive science principles of learning. Instructional designreducing cognitive load in multimedia. This gave rise to dual coding theory, first proposed by allan paivio and later applied to multimedia by richard mayer. Paivio, 1986, and baddeleys working memory model 1986, 1992, 1999. These two processing channels, verbal and nonverbal, are functionally independent, yet interconnected. The theory was prop osed by allan paivio in 1971 and explains the.
Cognitive theory of multimedia learning 8 studies, which yields testable predictions. This, combined with swellers theory of cognitive load and andersons actr cognitive architecture, provides a convincing argument for how humans learn, which. Pavios dualcoding theory 1991 and mayer s multimedia principal 2000 form the foundation for proposing a multicoding theory centered around multitouch tablets and the newest generation of etextbooks to scaffold struggling readers in reading and learning from science textbooks. These two processing channels, verbal and nonverbal, are functionally independent, yet. Several other researchers have proposed dualchannel processing along an auditory and visual channel including paivios 1986 dualcoding theory and baddeleys 1998 theory of working memory. Second, each channel in the human informationprocess. Clark and paivio 1991, the human cognitive structure has two mental processing systems, a verbal and nonverbal system also known as auditoryverbal and visualpictorial channel respectively. Consequently, a learner can use more cognitive processing capacities to study materials that combine. Cognitive theory of multimedia learning litfl smile2 ccc. A cognitive approach to instructional design for multimedia. Cognitive theory of multimedia learning mayer learning.
Theory paivios dual coding theory states that verbal and nonverbal information is. Purpose for the last dozen years, my colleagues and i at the university of california, santa barbara ucsb have been investigating the nature of multimedia learning with a goal of building a researchbased theory of how people learn from words and pictures. Additionally, one study 19 maintains that the theory of dual coding not only. Dual coding theory assumes that cognition occurs in two independent but connected codes. Cognitive theory of multimedia learning is one of the cognitivist learning theories introduced by an american psychology professor richard mayer in the 1990s. This book has been cited by the following publications. The cvm can also be understood according to the dual coding and the constructivist theories. Consequently, a learner can use more cognitive processing capacities. Multimedia encyclopedias have become the latest addition to students reference tools, and the world wide web is. Mayer, 1997, 2001, it has been applied to second language learning primarily in the context of. Dual coding theory accounts for the significance of spatial abilities in theories of intelligence e. This list is generated based on data provided by crossref.
Dualcoding theory an overview sciencedirect topics. Generally, the theory tries to address the issue of how to structure multimedia instructional practices and employ more effective cognitive strategies to help people learn efficiently. We first describe the theory and then show how dct mechanisms can help to integrate the extensive research litera ture on education. There are two separate channels auditory and visual for processing information sometimes referred to as. A test of two alternative cognitive processing models. Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning 2014, p. The use of video in the classroom and, by extension, in education generally is currently a subject of heated discussion, not least because of the activities of the khan academy. Cognitive principles of multimedia learning contiguity principle mayer and anderson 1992 have proposed the instruc tional design principle called the contiguity principle, which. Richard mayer s cognitive theory of multimedia learning based to a large extent on alan paivios dualcoding theory and john swellers cognitive load theory. The theoretical cognitive process of visualization for.
The overarching principle of multimedia learning is that we learn more effectively from words and pictures than from words alone. Mayer s cognitive theory of multimedia learning presents the idea that the brain does not interpret a multimedia presentation of words, pictures, and auditory information in a mutually exclusive fashion. In a series of studies mayer and his colleagues tested paivios dualcoding theory, with multimedia. Whereas dual coding theory predicts that users benefit from a mixture of words and pictures because of the simultaneous processing in two distinct memory systems, cognitive load theory predicts that users are likely to suffer cognitive overload because of the redundancy of the. According to the dual coding theory wastelinck et al. This gave rise to dualcoding theory, first proposed by allan paivio and later applied to multimedia by richard mayer. Dual coding theory dct explains human behavior and experience in terms. Dual coding theory limited capacity each channel has a limited finite working memory capacity e. According to paivio, human cognition is unique in that it has become specialized for dealing simultaneously with. Extensions of a dual coding theory of multimedia learning richard e. Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Computer mediated communication in the universal design for learning framework for preparation of special education teachers.
Drawing on clt, dual coding, and other cognitive theories of learning, the experimental research of richard mayer 2009 has led to his cognitive theory of multimedia learning ctml. This phenomenon is now known as the multimedia effect. This theory is rooted in classic and contemporary memory theory, most notably paivios 1986 dual coding theory and baddeleys 1992 working memory model. Paivio 1986 provides a dual coding explanation of bilingual processing. The theory has largely been defined by mayer s cognitive theory of multimedia learning. According to paivio, there are two ways a person could expand on learned material. Dualcoding theory, a theory of cognition, was hypothesized by allan paivio of the university of western ontario in 1971. This theory proposes three main assumptions when it comes to learning with multimedia. Mar 20, 2019 the cognitive theory of multimedia learning proposes three main assumptions. The dual coding theory of memory was initially proposed by paivio 1971 in order to explain the powerful mnemonic effects of imagery that he and others had uncovered, but its implications for cognitive theory go far beyond these findings. Rieber multimedia learning in games, simulations, and. Extensions of a dual coding theory of multimedia learning.
A cognitive theory of multimedia learning gustavus adolphus. Dual coding is a theory of cognition introduced by allan paivio in late 1960s. This assumption adds another qualification to the active. Limited capacity assumption as millers information processing theory has shown, these channels have limited capacity 7 and limited time 8 they can hold information. In my own work, ive tried to extend dual coding theory to include a users dynamic interactions with a simulation. In developing this theory, paivio used the idea that the formation of mental images aids learning. The theory and conceptual model that lies underneath this how the two different components in working memory function simultaneously is called dual coding. Although verbal learning offers a powerful tool, mayer explores ways of going beyond the purely verbal. This supports paivios 1986, 1991, 2007 dual coding theory, which states that a combination of imagery and verbal information improves information processing. In 2 experiments, high and lowspatial ability students. Multimodal versus unimodal instruction in a complex. Repetition and dual coding in procedural multimedia. Dual coding theory dct explains human behavior and experience in terms of dynamic associative processes that operate on a rich network of modalityspecific verbal and nonverbal or imagery representations.
This theory suggests that there are two distinct subsystems contributing to cognition. Dual coding theory dct paivio, 1971, 1986 is an empirically well founded characterization of the mental processes that underlie human be havior and experience. There are two separate channels auditory and visual for processing information sometimes referred to as dualcoding theory. Baddeleys model of working memory, paivios dual coding theory, and. For hundreds of years verbal messages such as lectures and printed lessons have been the primary means of explaining ideas to learners. How can animation be used to promote learner understanding of scientific and mathematical explanations.
Mayer 2011a subsequently adds the science of assessment to the sciences of learning and instruction to form what he calls the big three p. They repeatedly found that students learning given multimedia with animation and narration consistently did better on transfer questions than those who learn from animation and textbased materials. We first describe the underlying premises of the theory and then show how the basic dct mechanisms can be. This article looks into the theories of dualcoding dct and multimedia learning. The dual coding theory dct is a general cognit ion theory that has been direc tly applied to literacy and language learning. Dual channels there are two separate channels auditory and visual for processing information from sensory memory e. Mayer then spent 30 years investigating which conditions with which different media simultaneously resulted in better learning. Supporting visual and verbal learning preferences in a second. This theory is a sub theory of john swellers cognitive load theory applied especially for multimedia learning, and therefore has many similarities with it. Individuals with adhd and the cognitive processing of. Language was always implicated but became explicitly involved as an educational. Basic assumption of mayer s theory is that the human working memory has two sub.